第七卷第六期
刊登日期:2024/12/31
Taiwan Emergency Medicine Bulletin 7(6) : e2024070614回上頁
醫師福祉的障礙—醫療糾紛恐懼(上)
蔡依倫1
、曾士芬2
1童綜合醫療社團法人童綜合醫院、2衛生福利部桃園醫院
醫療疏失與醫療糾紛
「醫療疏失」(malpractice)意指「偏離標準常規的執業行為」(a deviation from the standard of customary practice),它源自拉丁文“mala praxis“,即「醫師、外科醫師或藥劑師因為疏失或技術不佳的醫療處置對病人造成的傷害」[1]。醫師是否違背醫療常規造成醫療疏失是由醫學專家認定,但只要病人或家屬追究醫療專業人員或院方因醫療疏失造成醫療傷害,引發醫病雙方對傷害責任歸屬和賠償爭議的事件即稱為醫療糾紛[2]。
醫療糾紛恐懼(fear of malpractice)
「醫療糾紛恐懼」的概念起源於1970年代的美國,當時美國正經歷「醫療糾紛危機」(malpractice crisis),醫療訴訟案件數目、賠償金額和醫療糾紛保險(malpractice insurance)的保費都增加。大型保險公司因為不敷成本紛紛退出市場,有些醫師無法買到醫療糾紛保險因而感到很大的焦慮與壓力[3]。1986年美國消費者雜誌(Consumer Reports)分析當時的醫療糾紛訴訟案件後提出「編造的危機」(The manufactured crisis)一詞,認為醫療糾紛危機是保險公司因爲商業與收入需求而編造出來的,美國大部分州的醫療糾紛訴訟案件並沒有大幅增加[4]。儘管如此,有些醫師還是認為法官可能會特別針對自己,或是保險公司會強制取消他們的保險給付。有心理學家甚至將這種現象視為一種心理病態,並創造出「醫療糾紛偏執」(paranoia malpracticum)與「訴訟恐懼症」(litigaphobia)兩個名詞來形容少數醫師或臨床心理師對於醫療糾紛的過度恐懼症狀[5]。
之後學者陸續發展出訴訟恐懼症量表(litigaphobia scale)[5, 6]、醫療糾紛恐懼量表(malpractice fear scale)[7]和訴訟擔憂量表(concern about litigation scale)[8],來測量醫師對醫療糾紛和訴訟的擔憂或恐懼。研究發現,年齡40歲以下、女性、執業年資較輕、臨床服務量高、病人罹患慢性病的比例較高、沒有專科醫師執照、在同儕較多的醫療機構中工作、曾是醫療糾紛訴訟的被告、對醫療不確定性的焦慮感較高、工作機構中有認識的人被告、高風險科別(外科、急診科、婦產科、麻醉科)醫師對醫療糾紛的恐懼較高[8, 9]。此外在臨床心理師[10]、住院醫師[11]和助產士[12]身上,也都能發現醫療糾紛恐懼。美國2008年的全國抽樣調查利用醫療糾紛恐懼量表(表一)做為測量工具,發現急診醫師是所有科別中醫療糾紛恐懼最高的專科[13]。
醫師行為的改變
對醫療糾紛的感知風險、擔憂或恐懼可能會改變醫師的行為,其中最常見的就是防禦醫療,包括開立不必要的檢查、治療和轉診,或是避免高風險的病人或醫療處置[14]。許多研究指出,高風險科別(急診科、神經外科、一般外科、骨科、婦產科、放射科)醫師會因為擔心醫療糾紛而為病人安排不必要的檢查和治療,如血液檢驗、影像學檢查和心導管檢查[15, 16],還有開立不必要的抗生素、會診和住院[9, 17, 18],使得醫療費用日漸高漲。醫師會因為擔心醫療糾紛減少臨床工作、避免高風險病人或醫療處置[19]。此外醫師的臨床判斷也會因為擔心醫療糾紛而受到影響,例如將病人轉診或照會其他專科醫師[20],或是讓低風險的胸痛病人住院[21]。雖然醫師對醫療糾紛的感知風險與事實有落差,但真正影響醫師行為的是感知而非真實風險,2002年至2005年起美國開始針對醫療糾紛訴訟實施法律上的變革,例如賠償金額上限,但是也無法降低醫師的防禦醫療和全國醫療費用的支出[13, 22, 23]。
醫療糾紛恐懼也會讓醫學中心的醫師改變教學行為,他們會減少學習者的自主性和練習機會,花更多時間解釋風險或做書面紀錄[24] ,並在教學時向醫學生或住院醫師傳遞對醫療糾紛的擔憂和防禦醫療[24-26]。就專業生涯而言,醫療糾紛恐懼降低了醫師的臨床自主性、工作滿意度和行醫樂趣,甚至想要提早退休或轉換執業地點[27-29]。這些恐懼會透過教學而傳遞給下一代,進而影響年輕醫師的選科意願[11, 30]。
結語
醫師在日常工作中時常擔心遭遇醫療糾紛,因爲感受到危險而引發內心警戒或不平靜的感受,這種長期的心理壓力可能會改變醫師行為,不但影響醫療品質,也是醫師福祉的障礙,值得吾人更多深入的探討與關注。
表一、醫療糾紛恐懼量表(Malpractice Fear Scale)[20](作者翻譯)
I am worried that I will be involved in a malpractice lawsuit in the next 10 years. 我擔心在未來的十年內我會涉入醫療糾紛 |
Sometimes, I ask for expert opinion to reduce the risk of being sued. 有時候我尋求專家意見以減少被告的風險 |
I had to make significant changes to my professional practices due to legal developments related to the provision of health services. 我必須改變我的執業方式以因應醫療工作的法律變革 |
In some instances, I request tests and consultation to avoid malpractice. 在某些情況下我要求檢驗和照會以避免醫療糾紛 |
Relying on clinical judgment rather than technology when making a diagnosis has become increasingly risky in terms of medical practice. 依賴臨床判斷而非科技來做診斷變得越來越有風險 |
I feel pressure in my daily medical practice because of the threat of malpractice lawsuit. 我在每天的醫療工作都會感受到醫療糾紛的壓力 |
*計分方式:非常不同意 (1分)、不同意 (2分)、普通 (3分)、同意 (4分)、非常同意 (5分)
六題加總分數:< 15 低度恐懼、15-20 中度恐懼、> 20 高度恐懼
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