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本會期刊
台灣急診醫學通訊

第六卷第六期
刊登日期:2023/12/29
Taiwan Emergency Medicine Bulletin 6(6) : e2023060619回上頁

預防衰弱及跌倒(運動篇)

鍾睿元   

國泰醫療財團法人國泰綜合醫院急診醫學部


衰弱(Frailty)被定義為身體虛弱且缺乏健康或力量的狀態,與健康惡化、發生殘疾、住院和死亡風險的增加有密切的相關。其中一種常見的衰弱定義是由Fried及其同事提出,操作性定義為滿足五項表現型標準(phenotype criteria)中的三項,這些標準將顯示力量的不足,例如握力差、能量低、行走速度減緩 [1]


       身體活動(Physicalactivity)的不足可能直接導致衰弱的發生:首先,缺乏身體活動可能引發多種慢性健康問題,包括心血管疾病、腦血管疾病、第二型糖尿病、憂鬱症和失智症。其次,個人活動或肌肉力量的減少是多種衰弱辨識模型的明確診斷標準。最後,跌倒及其引起的潛在不良後果,如骨折或住院,通常代表著衰弱者的急性失能事件,進一步損害生理性的儲備機能(physiologicalreserves),使其衰弱狀態惡化[2]。預防衰弱的方法可以分成阻力(resistance)和平衡(balance)有關的運動。

 

一、阻力運動(Resistant exercise)

       肌少症(Sarcopenia)是一種持續失去骨骼肌肉質量、力量和功能的症狀,目前被視為衰弱的重要組成部分[3]。在老年人中,運動介入的傳統焦點之一是透過阻力運動計畫改善肌肉力量,減緩肌少症的發展,進而延緩衰弱的發生[4]。研究顯示,阻力訓練能降低死亡率,提升功能表現,包括姿勢、平衡和耐力[5, 6]。此外,在多項研究中,步態速度(gait speed)被視為主要結果指標,有證據顯示高強度、漸進式的阻力訓練可提高步態速度,進而減少跌倒、罹患疾病和死亡風險[7–10]


       除了保護骨骼肌肉外,阻力運動還被證實有助於提高骨骼強度,進而增加骨骼密度,減緩骨質疏鬆的進程[11]Howe等人進行的系統性回顧研究發現:對於增加股骨頸骨密度最有效的運動類型是非負重、高強度的運動,例如針對下肢進行漸進性的阻力訓練[12]。近年來,阻力運動的介入計畫著重於改善導致跌倒風險的生物力學不平衡(biomechanical imbalance),包括腹部軀幹虛弱、髖部屈曲和膝部伸展力量[13–15]。透過提升骨密度,減少跌倒和骨折風險,有望減緩急性失能和衰弱的進展。

 

二、平衡和功能性運動(Balance and functional exercise)

       Sherrington等人進行的系統性回顧研究指出,減少跌倒最有效的運動方式主要為平衡和功能性運動[16]。相反地,Van Abbema等人的研究指出,在阻力訓練中添加平衡或平衡和耐力訓練,並未能增加單獨阻力訓練對步態速度的正面效應。然而,研究指出帶有律動成分的活動,如散步或伴隨音樂跳舞,將可以改善步態速度[17]。除了步態和平衡訓練外,越來越多的證據顯示太極可以降低老年人跌倒的風險[16, 18]。太極融合多種元素,如正念和主動放鬆,研究指出,透過緩慢、律動的動作,太極有助於集中注意力於不斷變化的位置中心,進而改善平衡控制,同時強化下肢並提高靈活性[19]


三、運動與認知功能(Exercise and cognitive function)

       近年來,對於身體運動如何有助於老年人認知功能的改善取得了顯著進展。有學者認為,有氧運動透過增加大腦血流,提高氧合作用,為神經生成和代謝活動提供能量,有助於改善認知功能[20, 21]。此外,有越來越多的證據表示,有氧運動會對海馬結構和體積產生變化,進而改善新記憶的形成以及提高空間定向能力[22, 23]Firth等人的研究進一步顯示,有氧運動有助於保持左海馬體積 [24]。另外亦有研究表示,有氧運動的強度和運動訓練任務的複雜性與體內神經可塑性有關,從而增強整體認知功能[25]。此外,律動性運動和太極產生的額外效益往往超越其他平衡性的運動,這可能是因為這些運動改善的是認知功能,而不是肌肉或骨骼強度[17, 26]


       除了身體上的好處外,定期運動對於治療老年人的憂鬱症是有益的[27]。在運動過程中,來自腦下垂體的內源性鴉片類神經肽(opioid neuropeptides)或內啡肽(endorphins)的釋放可以阻止與疼痛傳遞相關的神經傳導,產生一種愉悅的效果[28]。運動還可以提高成就感,信心、自尊心。對老年人而言,定期參與團體運動已被證明能增加社區內的社會聯繫感,而相互的社會支持則可有助於保持長期的身體活動[29, 30]。因此,運動有助於減緩社交和心理衰弱。


       總結來說,鼓勵定期運動有助於促進健康地老化(healthy aging),減少衰弱對醫療體系的長期影響。多項研究已證實,定期運動與降低跌倒風險、改善平衡、機動性、肌肉強度以及減緩衰弱有正面相關[31]。雖然目前的證據表示,老年人的運動應該包括有氧和阻力訓練,然而,對於預防衰弱最有效的運動計劃的普遍共識,仍需要進一步的研究加以證實。 

 

 

 

 


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